System for the operation of dynamo-electric machines.



Q B. G; LAMMB.

SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATION OF DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 15, 1906.

\ Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

INVENTORI I I 12.. G. LAMME. SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATION'OP DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 15, 1906.

977,641; Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

a SHEETS-SHEET 2.

Fry: 6.

WITNESSES: 8 fzmzw I 7 ATTORNEY B. G. LAMME. SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATION or DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

nruonxo'x FILED M51115, 1906. I 977,641. Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

INVENIOR I I I I ATTORNEY UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE,

BENJAMIN G. LAMME, OF PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO WESTINGHOUSE SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATION OF DYNAMO-ELECTRIG MACI' IINES.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Dec. 6, 1910.

Application filed March 15, 1906. Serial No. 306,218.

To all whom 'it mag/concern:

Be it known that I, BENJAMIN Gr. Lanna, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Pittsburg, in the county of Allegheny and State of Pennsyl 'ania, have invented a new and useful Improvementin Systems for the Operation of? Dynamo-Electric Maclii1a s,,of which the following is a specification. 4

hIy invention relates to dynamo-clcctric machines and particularlyto motors ot' the commutator type of construction having series-connected fieldinagnet and. armature windings.

The object of my invention-is to provide a method of and a means for operating motors of the character indicated such that they may be caused to operate as generators, under stable conditions, or under conditions that may be controlled.

Figure 1 of the accoi'npanyingr drawings is a diagrammatic view, of a system that embodies my invention. Figs. 2, 3, l and 5 are modifications of the system shown in Fig. 1,and Figs. (3 to 12 inclusive are diagrammatic views, of systems that embody other modifications of my invention.

In the operation of an electric railway vehicle, it is frequently desirable, as for instance, when the vehicle descends a grade, to

cause the propelling motors to operate as generators in order that the kinetic energy ofthe vehicle may be saved by converting it into electrical energy and supplying: it thus to the distributing circuit. Vehicle motors are generally of the commutator type of construction and the field magnet and armature windings thereof are usually connected in'series relation. It has been found, under certain conditions, that the current supplied by such motors when operating as generators will increase, and thiscauses an increase of the field strength. This, in turn, causes the voltage of the generator to increase so ment of a controller 4- to the position indithat .abncn'mal amounts of owner may be supplied to the distributing circuit. T hns a motor may operate as a very powerful dynamic brake rather than as a generator, the

operation of which may be controlled. In order that a motor may be caused to operate as a. generator under stable conditions, or under conditions that may be governed, it is obviously necessary that the field strength be maintained substantially constant or that. it be under control. In another application,

Serial No. 306,217, filed of even date herewith, I have claimed broadly, means whereby such conditions of operation may be secured andin the present application, I desire to claim specifically one of the means set forth therein.

In the present embodiment of the invention, the field magnet winding of a motor, when the motor is operating as a generator, has a. substaiitially constant excitation, and

it. therefore follows that stable conditionsof operation will be secured and that the voltage of the generator will vary in proportion to the speed. As in direct. current practice, a motor of the commutator type may be caused to operate under stable conditions'as a generator of alternating current, if the field magnet winding is separately or constantly excited. If. however, the field magnet winding; snould be supplied from the. same circuit as that to hich the armature is connected. the electromotivc force of the armature would be con iderably out of'phase (nearlySO with the electromotire force of the circuit, since the field magnet winding is highly inductive and the cnrrcnt therein changing device that, is interpos d between the field magnet winding and the circuit to which the armat n'e, is connected. the phase cated by the broken line a. The voltageaplied to the motor may be varied by varymg the active length of a transformer winding 5 that is included in the motor circuit by any suitable means, such as a switch arm 6, the transformer being supplied from any suitable distributing circuit, such as a trolley conductor '7 a 1d a track rail 8. The con-v troller t is adapted to occupy the position indicated by the broken line b, when the mochanging device 10, another windingll of which is adapted to be supplied directl from the distributing circuit, or, ifdesire it may be supplied from the transformer winding 5. The phase-changing device 10, as illustrated in Fig. 1, is a continuously running machine of the induction motor type, the windings 9 and 11 of which are so disposed with reference to each other that the electromotive force applied to the field magnet winding may be of a phase such that the electromotive force of the armature will agree in phase with that of the transformer 55. It will be understood that the voltage of the motor when operated as a generator will vary as the speed of the vehicle upon which the motor is mounted,'and that the motor armature may be connected by means of the switch arm 6 to such point of the transformer winding 5, as corresponds in voltage to that generated by the motor.

Other suitable forms of pl'iasechanging devices may be employed, such, for instance, as a synchronously operated motor-generator 12 (Fig. 2), the generator electromotive force of which is so disposed with reference to the electromotive force applied to the motor that the electromotive force of the motor armature may agree approximately in phase with the electromotive force of the transformer.

It will be readily understood that in the systems of Figs. 1 and 2, the phase-changing device must have sutiicient capacity to supqdy the field magnet windings with all of the current required for their excitation. In order that a smaller phase-changing device may be employed than is necessary in those cases, field magnet and armature windings 13 and 14, respectively. of the motor, (Fig. 3) may be connected pern'ianently in series relation, and winding 15 of phase-changing device 16 may be connected in shunt relation to the field magnet winding by means of a switch 17 when the motor is operated as a generator. The voltage applied to the field magnet winding from the phase-changing device may be adjusted so that it will equal the normal or other predetermined drop of potential in the field magnet winding; that is, under normal conditions of op- .eration of the motor as a generator, the phase-changing device will remain substantially inactive'and will not supply current to the field magnet winding nor will it derive current from the motor circuit. However, if the current that traverses the armature falls below the normal value, the deficit of current will be supplied to the field magnet winding by the phase-changing device, and, on the other hand, if the current traversing the motor armature exceeds the normal value, the excess of current willbc supplied to the phase-changing device, thus pre venting it from traversing the field magnet winding. In this manner, the field strength may be maintained substantially constant.-

In the before mentioned application, Serial No. 306,217 I have shown and described means whereby direct current may be prevented from traversing the field magnet winding in order to prevent the motor from automatically becoming a generator of direct current upon reversal of the connections of the field. magnet and armature windings with reference to each other while the vehicle is in motion. A like result may be secured as indicated in Fig. 4, in Wlli('1 an impedance device 19 is connected in shunt relation to field magnet winding 20, the ohmic resistance of the device being low, as compared with that of the field magnet winding, and its inductive resistance being high as compared with that of the field magnet winding. It will be understood that, when the circuits are so arranged, it direct current traverses the motor circuits, only a very small portion of it will be permitted to traverse the tield magnet winding 20, and the field strength will consequently be insutlicient to enable the motor to become a generator of direct current. However, when alternating current traverses the motor circuits very little of it'is permitted to traverse the impedance device because ojl its high inductance. Another means which may be employed for preventing direct cur rent from traversing the field magnet winding is that which is shown in Fig. 5. in which the field magnet winding is supplied from secondary winding 21 ol a transformer 22, primary winding 23 of which is connected in series with the armature. ()bvionslv, the mode of operation remains substantially the same and it is immaterial whether the windings be connected directly in series or not, so long as the field magnet winding is supplied with current that is equal or proportional in amount to that which traverses the armature when the machine is operated as a motor.

The armature electromotive force may also be brought more nearly into phase with that of the circuit to which it is connected when the field magnet winding is separately excited from the same circuit, it a sulliciently high ohmic resistance Q-t be included in circuit with the field magnet winding s shown'in Fig. (3. \Vith such an array M ment, however, an extremely high resistance will be necessary in order to displace tinphase ot the current in the field magnet winding su'lliciently to ettt-ct ap roximate coincidence of the electroniotive l "res. niEL- t the voltage of the circuit will ordinarily be comparatively high. Hmvever, in motors that arehnown as the repulsion series type in which the tield magnetizing currentis supplied by additional sets of commutator brushes, the employmei'it of a comparatively small resistance may be permitted because, at synchromms speed, the voltage of the exciting current will be approximately zero. In Fig. 7, windings 25 and 26, of a repulsion type motor, are adapted to be connect- .ed in series relation when the machine is operated as a motor by the movement of controller 27 to the position indicated by broken line m, and are adapted to be connected separately to the supply circuit when the machine is operated as a generator by the. movement of the controller to the posi tion indicated by the broken line 9. Under the latter conditions, a resistance 28 is connected in series circuit with the winding 26.

A phase-changing device (Fig. 8) may also be employed for sin'iplying the exciting current to a motor 30 of the repulsion type, in a manner similar to that. shown in F 1 and 2., Since the kilo-volt-amperes required for the excitation of such a motor is relatively small, when running near the so called synchronous speed, the phase-changing device may be of relatively small capacity. However, any material departure from synchronous speed would necessitate a corresponding increase in the capacity of the phase-changing device. If desired, the motor windings may be left connected in. series relation when changing from a motor to a generator, it of course being understood that the connections of the windings with reference to each other should be reversed atthe same time, and the phasechanging device may be coimec'tcd as shown in Fig. 9 so as to supply only the excess or deficit of current required to keep the field excitation substantially constant in a manner similar to that described for Fig. 3.

ll'hile the invention/has been thus far shown and described as applied toalternating current systcmsfit may also b applied to direct current systei'ns in .which it may be desired to operate a motor as a gen-- orator under stable conditions. j AIUOtllingly, as indicated in Fig. 10-, field magnet and arn'mturc windings 31 and .32 may be connected in series relation h g thc n'iovcment ot a controller 33 to the position indicated by broken line (9, and the windings be con-- nccted directly to-the supply.v circuit .by

.i I v movennuit hi the controller to the position indicated by the l u'olce rline (7 when it is desired to cause the motorto operate as a gciieratln'. Thus thcdicld magnet and armature gwindings' a'llc, connected in series relation when the machine operated as a motor, {while the field ,n'mgnct windinga separately excited when the machine is operatcdas a generator.

In the system illustrated in Fig. 11 a motor-generator at is employed for supplying current to lield magnet winding 35 when the machine-is operated as a. generator, the 1nohm-generator being supplied with current .ior its operation directly from the supply circuit. A. controller 36 is employed in the usual manner for connecting the field magnet and armature windings in series relation when the machine is operating as av motor and for coi'mecting the armature directly lo the supply circuit and the field magnet wim'ling to the motor-gei-ierator when it is ope 'ating as a generator. It will generally be desirable. however, to connect field magnet and armature windings 37 and 38 (Fig. 12) directly in series relation and to connect generator 39 of a motongenorator 4 0 in shunt circuit to the field magnet winding in a. manner similar to that shown in the altcrnatil'ig current system of Fig. 3. when the motor operated as a generator, in order that a motor-generator of comparatively small capacity may be employed.

it will be understood in each case when changing from a motor to a generator that the connections of the motor windings with reference to ea h other should be changed. but in most oi the figures of the drawings such changes have not been indicated because of the complication and confusion of the circuits that might result.

The specific applications of the invention herein shown and described are only illustrative ot' the manner in which the invention may be employed and I desire to cover broadly all such applications and arrangements of the circuits as do not natcrially change the mode of operation thereof.

Certain of the specific arrangements here in set forth are claimed in a divisional application, Serial No. 431,323.

I claim as my invention:

1. The,combinationwvith a distributing circuit. and a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is provided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation when the n'iachinc is operated as a motor, of means for separately exciting the ticld magnet winding, when the machine is operated as a generator, with current that is out of phase with that of the said distributing circuit.

,2. The coi'nbination with a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is pro vided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation when the machine is operated as a motor. oi" means for separately exciting the licld magnet winding with current of such phase that the clcctronn'rtive torcephase of the armature may approximate the electromellt tive force phase of thecircuit to which it connected, when the machine is operated as a generator.

The combination with a distributing circuit, and a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is provided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation when'the machine is operated as amotor, of a source of substantially constant electromotive force of (litterent phase from that of the distributing cir cuit that is connected to the field magnet winding when the machine is operated as a generator.

4-. The combination with a distributing circuit, and a dynamo-electric machine that maybe operated either as a motor or as a generator and is provided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation when the machine is operated as a motor, of means for separately exciting the field magnet winding with current of such phase that the electromotive force phase of the armature may approximate the electromotiye force phase of the distributingcircnit, when the machine is operated as a generator.

The combination with a distributing circuit, and a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is pi'o.'ided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation for motor operation, of means for deriving from the distributing circuit, and applying the same to the field magnet winding when the. machine is operated as a generator, a current of such phase that theelectromotive force generated by the machine will be approximately in phase with that of the distributing circuit.

(3. The. combination with a distributing circuit. and a dynaino-clectric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as :r

generator and is provided with field magnet and armature windings that are arranged in series relation for motor operation, of means for deriving from the distributing circuit, and applying the same. to the field magnet. winding when the machine is operated as a generator, a current that is out of phase with that of the distributing circuit.

7. The combination with a distributing circuit, a dynamo-electric machine that may be operated either as a motor or as agenerator and is provided with armature and field magnet windings that are arranged in series relation for motor operation, of an auxiliary source of current the eleetr nnotire force. of which is out of phase with that of the dis trihuting circuit, and means for connecting the armature ot the machine to said circuit and the field magnet winding thereof to said auxiliary source of current, for generator operation.

8. The combination with a distributing circuit, a dyna1no-electric machine thatmay i be operated either as a motor or as a generator and is provided with armature and field magnet windings that are arranged in series relation for motor operation, of an auxiliary source of current, and means for connecting the armature of the machine to said circuit and ,the field magnet winding thereof to said auxiliary source of current, for generator operation, the electromotive'force of the said auxiliary sourcebeing of such phase that the generated electron otive force of the machine may agree approximately in phase with that of the distributing circuit. 1

9. The method of utilizin an alternating current dynamo-electric mac ii'nealternately as a motor and as a generator, which consists in arranging the field magnet and armature windings thereof in series relation for motor ope ation, and. for generator operation, supplying the field magnetwinding thereof with current derived externally to the machine and of such phase that the electromotire force phase of the armature will approximate the electromot-ive force phase'of the circuit to which it is connected.

10. The method of'utilizing an alternating current dynan'io-elcctric machine alternately as a motor and as a generator, which consists in arranging the field magnet and armature windings thereof in series relation for motor operation, and, for generator op eration. supplying the field magnet winding thereof with current derived externally to the machine and that is out of phase with that of the circuit to which the armature is connected.

11. The method of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-electric machine alternately as a motor andas a generator, which consists in arranging the field magnet and armature windings thereof in series relation for motor operation, and separately exciting the field magnet winding thereof, for generator operation, b a current of such phase that the clectroi'notiye force phase of the armature will approximate the electromotive force phase of the circuit to which it is connccted.

12. The method of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-electric machine alternately as a motor andas a generator, which consists in arranging the field magnet and armature windings thereof in series. relation for motor operation, and separately exciting the field magnet winding thereof, for generator operation, by a current that is out of phase with that. of the circuit to which the armature is connected.

3 ,he method of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-electric machine alternately, as a motor and as a generator, which consists in arranging the held magnet and armature windings thereof in series relation for motor 0 (nation, and, for enerator operation, in eriving a current rom the circuit to which the armature is connected, and exciting the field magnet winding of the machine thereby, the said current being derived externally to the machine and being also out of phase with that of the said circuit. c

14. The'unethod of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-eletric machine alternately as a motor and as a 1generator, which consists in arranging the old magnet and armature'wmdings thereof in serles rela-,

, mate the electromotive force phase of the circuit to which it is connected.

15. The method of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-electric machine alternately as a motor and as a generator, which consists in arranging the field magnet and armature windings thereof in series relation for motor operation, and, for generator operation, in deriving from the circuit to which the armature is connected a currentthat is out of phase Withthat of the said circuit, and separately exciting the field ma net winding of the machine by the said derived current. a I

16. The method of utilizing an alternating current dynamo-electric machine alternately as a motor and as a generator, which consists in arrangin the field magnet and armature windings t ereof in series relation for motor operation, and, for generator operation, in deriving a current from the circuit to which the armature is connected, and separately-exciting the field magnet winding of the machine thereby, the said derived current being of such phase that the elec tromotive force phase of the armature will approximate the electromotive force phase 0 the circuit to which it is connected.

17. The method of braking an alternatin current motor of the commutator type whic 1 consists in connecting the armature to the source and impressing on the field of the motor a voltage displaced in phase suhstarn tially ninety degrees from the voltage of .the source.

18. The method of braking an alternat .ing current motor of the commutator type which consists in connecting the armature to the source, and comiecting the field in shunt to the armature through a p'h'aseshifting device adapted to shift-the phase of the voltage impressed on the field sub stantially ninety degrees from the voltage of the source.

19. In combination, an alternating current motor of the commutator type, a source of single-phase current, and means for de riving from said source and impressing on the field. for braking a voltage displaced substantially ninety degrees from the voltage of said source.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed myname this 13th day of March,

BENJ. G. LA ME.

\Vitnesses:

Orro S. Serums-n, BIRNEY HINES. 

